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The wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement. The strategy was put forth in a Discovery Institute manifesto known as the Wedge Document,〔(The Wedge Document ) Discovery Institute, 1999.〕 which describes a broad social, political, and academic agenda whose ultimate goal is to defeat materialism, naturalism, evolution, and "reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions."〔(Wedge Strategy ) Discovery Institute, 1999. Cited in Handley P. (Evolution or design debate heats up. ) ''The Times of Oman'', 7 March 2005.〕 The strategy also aims to affirm what it calls "God's reality."〔Phillip E. Johnson, ''Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds'' (Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 91-92,〕 Its goal is to change American culture by shaping public policy to reflect conservative Christian, namely evangelical Protestant, values.〔"Five Year Objectives. Spiritual & cultural renewal: Mainline renewal movements begin to appropriate insights from design theory, and to repudiate theologies influenced by materialism; Major Christian denomination(s) defend(s) traditional doctrine of creation & repudiate(s); Darwinism Seminaries increasingly recognize & repudiate naturalistic presuppositions; Positive uptake in public opinion polls on issues such as sexuality, abortion and belief in God" (Wedge Strategy ) Discovery Institute, 1999.〕 The wedge metaphor is attributed to Phillip E. Johnson and depicts a metal wedge splitting a log to represent an aggressive public relations program to create an opening for the supernatural in the public's understanding of science.〔(Understanding The Intelligent Design Creationist Movement ), Barbara Forrest〕 Intelligent design is the religious〔See for example: * (From an Open Letter published in the Dallas Morning News ) * Decision in ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ''et al''.'' p138 * "Intelligent design is just the Logos theology of John's Gospel restated in the idiom of information theory", (Signs of Intelligence ) A Primer on the Discernment of Intelligent Design. William A. Dembski. Touchstone Journal, Volume 12, Issue 4, July/August 1999 * "...referring to an intelligent designer was merely a 'politically correct way to refer to God.'" 〕 belief that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not a naturalistic process such as natural selection. Implicit in the intelligent design doctrine is a redefining of science and how it is conducted (see theistic science). Wedge strategy proponents are opposed to materialism,〔" "From our vantage, materialism is not a neutral, value-free, minimalist position from which to pursue inquiry. Rather, it is itself an ideology with an agenda. What's more, it requires an evolutionary creation story to keep it afloat. On scientific grounds, we regard that creation story to be false. What?s more, we regard the ideological agenda that has flowed from it to be destructive to rational discourse. Our concerns are therefore entirely parallel to the evolutionists?. Indeed, all the evolutionists? worst fears about what the world would be like if we succeed have, in our view, already been realized through the success of materialism and evolution. Hence, as a strategy for unseating materialism and evolution, the term "Wedge" has come to denote an intellectual and cultural movement that many find congenial." (Dealing with the backlash against intelligent design ) William Dembski. 2004.〕〔"If we understand our own times, we will know that we should affirm the reality of God by challenging the domination of materialism and naturalism in the world of the mind. With the assistance of many friends I have developed a strategy for doing this....We call our strategy the "wedge." Phillip Johnson, ''Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds'', 1997, pp. 91-92〕〔"The overthrow of matter in physics and biology requires a return to the social issues that are treated in Rerum Novarum and Centesimus Annus. ... The great moldering corpse of modern materialism still overshadows and stultifies academic philosophy and contemporary culture, and its fumes even creep insidiously and pervasively through the corridors and carrels of the leading schools of divinity." (The Soul of Silicon ) George Gilder. The Acton Institute, May 1, 1997〕 naturalism,〔〔"The most severe challenge to theology over the last two hundred years has been naturalism. Within western culture, naturalism has become the default position for all serious inquiry. From biblical studies to law to education to art to science to the media, inquiry is expected to proceed only under the supposition of naturalism. ...If fully successful, Intelligent Design will unseat not just Darwinism but also Darwinism's cultural legacy." (The Intelligent Design Movement ) William Dembski.〕 and evolution,〔"...there is an immediate payoff to intelligent design: it destroys the atheistic legacy of Darwinian evolution. Intelligent design makes it impossible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist. This gives intelligent design incredible traction as a tool for apologetics, opening up the God-question to individuals who think that science has buried God" (Commending President Bush ) William Dembski. (PDF file)〕〔"Hence, as a strategy for unseating materialism and evolution, the term "Wedge" has come to denote an intellectual and cultural movement that many find congenial." (Dealing with the backlash against intelligent design ) William Dembski. 2004.〕〔 "But there are deeper motivations. I think at a fundamental level, in terms of what drives me in this is that I think God's glory is being robbed by these naturalistic approaches to biological evolution, creation, the origin of the world, the origin of biological complexity and diversity. When you are attributing the wonders of nature to these mindless material mechanisms, God's glory is getting robbed...And so there is a cultural war here. Ultimately I want to see God get the credit for what he's done - and he's not getting it." William Dembski, quoted. (The Faith That Dare Not Speak Its Name ) Jerry Coyne. ''The New Republic'', August 11, 2005.〕〔"The objective of the Wedge Strategy is to convince people that Darwinism is inherently atheistic, thus shifting the debate from creationism vs. evolution to the existence of God vs. the non-existence of God. From there people are introduced to 'the truth' of the Bible and then 'the question of sin' and finally 'introduced to Jesus.'" Rob Boston describing the view of Phillip E. Johnson. ("Missionary man" ). ''Church & State'', April 1999.〕 and have made the removal of each from how science is conducted and taught an explicit goal.〔"Discovery Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture seeks nothing less than the overthrow of materialism and its cultural legacies. Bringing together leading scholars from the natural sciences and those from the humanities and social sciences, the Center explores how new developments in biology, physics and cognitive science raise serious doubts about scientific materialism and have re-opened the case for a broadly theistic understanding of nature." . . . "Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions." (The Wedge Document ) Discovery Institute. (PDF file)〕〔(Darwinism is Materialist Mythology, Not Science ) Phillip E. Johnson. DarwinReconsidered.org.〕 The strategy was originally brought to the public's attention when the Wedge Document was leaked on the Web. The Wedge strategy forms the governing basis of a wide range of Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns. ==Overview== The Wedge Document outlines a public relations campaign meant to sway the opinion of the public, popular media, charitable funding agencies, and public policy makers. The document sets forth the short-term and long-term goals with milestones for the intelligent design movement, with its governing goals stated in the opening paragraph: * "To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural and political legacies" * "To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God" There are three Wedge Projects, referred to in the strategy as three phases designed to reach a governing goal: * Scientific Research, Writing and Publicity * Publicity and Opinion-making * Cultural Confrontation & Renewal Recognizing the need for support, the institute affirms the strategy's Christian, evangelistic orientation: The wedge strategy was designed with both five-year and twenty-year goals in mind in order to achieve the conversion of the mainstream. One notable component of the work was its desire to address perceived social consequences and to promote a social conservative agenda on a wide range of issues including abortion, euthanasia, sexuality, and other social reform movements. It criticized "materialist reformers () advocated coercive government programs" which it referred to as "a virulent strain of utopianism". Beyond promotion of the Phase I goals of proposing Intelligent Design related research, publications, and attempted integration into academia, the wedge strategy places an emphasis on Phases II and III advocacy aimed at increasing popular support of the Discovery Institute's ideas. Support for the creation of popular level books, newspaper and magazine articles, op-ed pieces, video productions, and apologetics seminars was hoped to embolden believers and sway the broader culture towards acceptance of intelligent design. This in turn would lead the ultimate goal of the wedge strategy; a social and political reformation of American culture. In 20 years, the group hopes that they will have achieved their goal of making intelligent design the main perspective in science as well as to branch out to ethics, politics, philosophy, theology, and the fine arts. A goal of the wedge strategy is to see intelligent design "permeate religious, cultural, moral and political life." By accomplishing this goal the ultimate goal as stated by the Center for Science and Culture (CSC) of the "overthrow of materialism and its damning cultural legacies" and reinstating the idea that humans are made in the image of God, thereby reforming American culture to reflect conservative Christian values, will be achieved. The preamble of the Wedge Document〔(The Wedge Strategy - Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture )〕 is mirrored largely word-for-word in the early mission statement of the CSC, then called the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture. The theme is again picked up in the controversial book ''From Darwin to Hitler'' authored by Center for Science and Culture Fellow Richard Weikart and published with the center's assistance.〔(From Darwin to Hitler webpage ), published under the banner of the CSC and the Discovery Institute〕 The wedge strategy was largely authored by Phillip E. Johnson, and features in his book ''The Wedge of Truth: Splitting the Foundations of Naturalism''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wedge strategy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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